Age, Gender Differences free essay sample

The purpose of present study was to investigate the relationship between academic performance and depression among students of University of Gujrat. It was a cross-sectional study. Convenient sampling was used to select sample of 50 males and 50 females. Depression Anxiety Stress Scale was used for the measurement. Findings of study showed that there is a positive relationship between age and academic performance with depression. Chapter I Introduction Introduction Present study was designed to investigate about age and gender differences in’ and relationship with academic performance and depression. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between gender differences ,academic performance and depression among Uog students. Gender Gender is the range of physical, mental, and behavioral characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between, masculinity and femininity. Depending on the context, the term may refer to biological sex (i. e. the state of being male, female or intersex), sex-based social structures (including gender roles and other social roles), or gender identity. We will write a custom essay sample on Age, Gender Differences or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Gender is cultural and is the term to use when referring to women and men as social groups. Sex is biological; use it when the biological distinction is predominant. And according to the World Health Organization, Sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women. Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women. Depression Depression is a mental illness in which a person has feelings of sadness, instability, loneliness, hopelessness, worthlessness, and guilt. Depression is a common mental disorder and can be successfully treated. Signs and symptoms include Persistent sad, anxious, or empty feelings Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness Irritability, restlessness Loss of interest in activities or hobbies once pleasurable, including sex Fatigue and decreased energy Difficulty concentrating, remembering details, and making decisions Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness, or excessive sleeping Overeating, or appetite loss Thoughts of suicide, suicide attempts Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems that do not ease even with treatment. Gender and Depression When asked about symptoms of depression, women are more likely to admit to such features than men, a difference usually put down to women being more open and men being more likely to use denial. Similarly, women are more prepared to seek help than men for their depression. A variety of biological, social, and psychological explanations for women’s increased vulnerability to depression also has been evaluated. Research examining hormonal influences has received more attention than biological factors but both have produced inconclusive results and presently do not appear to account for the gender difference in rates (cf. reviews by McGrath et al. , 1990; Rice et al. , 1984; Kornstein, 1997). Academic performance An academic performance is how well someone does during their academics. This means, how well they did with school and all the activities that go along with it. workplace is critical for these individuals, this relationship has not been adequately investigated. Depression is a common disorder that impacts an individuals ability to perform life activities, including those required by the workplace. Academic performance can be viewed as a direct parallel to workforce performance, with students belonging to a unique set of individuals whose ability to perform can be measured on criteria applied by an observer and by self-report. While the prevalence of depression for this group is high and preparation for entry into the workplace is critical for these individuals, this relationship has not been adequately investigated. Many factors affect academic achievement. One of them is depression. Depression has a high prevalence and relationship with both memory and academic achievement. Depression indices are: persistent sadness, discouragement, loss of self-worth and interest in daily activities. True depression in teens is often difficult to diagnose because normal adolescent behavior is marked by both up and down moods. These moods may alternate over a period of hours or days. Depression has an effect on academic achievement. Research has indicated that depressed mood is negatively related to academic achievement. Objectives The objectives of the present study was to assess the relationship between age, gender and academc performance with depression among University students. Hypothesis Following hypothesis were formulated for present study: Gender and academic performance has a positive effect on depression. If depression will increases acdamic perfomance will decrease. Variables Age, Gender and Acdademic performance were independet variables and Depression was dependent variable in present study. Operational definition The World Health Organization, defines depression as: â€Å"Depression is a common mental disorder, characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, feelings of tiredness and poor concentration. †(By Martin) Conceptual definition â€Å"In this study conceptual definition of Depression is total score on the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. † Literature Review In the following paragraphs, there is a review of the literature pertaining to Depression, the hypothesized predictors of Depression and Academic performance ,the predicted outcomes of Depression, and the relationship between Academic performance and Depession. Robert (2008) conduct the study on the relationship between depressed mood and academic performance (measured in terms of grade point average) in U. S. middle and high schools. Utilizing data from AddHealth, the dissertation establishes Ordinary Least Squares, Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS), and individual and sibling fixed effect regressions that attempt to control for confounding factors, including student motivation, personality characteristics, and parental inputs that are unobserved but may influence both mental health and achievement. Study findings indicate that students who report feeling depressed do not perform as well academically as non-depressed students. Additionally, the degree of GPA impact increases with the severity of reported depression. Students reporting either depressed feelings â€Å"most or all of the time† or symptoms consistent with major depression suffer GPA reductions of 0. 06 to 0. 84 grade points. In addition, middle schoolers and certain minority groups are hardest hit by depression, and persistent depression has a negative impact on grades. Dana Ahmed conducta study on Depressive Symptoms and Academic Performance of North Carolina College Students. the total number of student was 1,280 and used regression analyses were performed to examine associations between depressive symptoms and academic performance in this group. the result of this study was regression analyses were performed to examine associations between depressive symptoms and academic performance in this group. A study conduct by Alketa, Steven Clayton(2005) was on the relationship between depression and the academic performance of undergraduate students. Data regarding academics, health and productivity for students from Western Michigan University were obtained from the University’s Registrar’s Office, the campus Health Center and a survey delivered to the students. The primary outcomes of interest were the student’s grade point average (GPA), an objective, observer generated  measure of academic productivity, and the students’ self-reported academic performance. the result indicate the Diagnosed depression was associated with a 0. 49 point, or half a letter grade, decrease in student GPA, Depressed students reported a pattern of increasing interference of depression symptoms with academic performance. With respect to the study on Evaluating the Relationship between Gender, Age, Depression and Academic Performance among Adolescents by Busari, A. O. (2012) the purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between age, depression and academic performance among adolescents. The study was carried out among 1200 students (600 male and 600 female) in the age range 15-19 years. The instrument used for data collection was the Beck depression Inventory (21 item BDI). The analysis of data used correlation coefficient and t-test. The results showed that 26. 5% of the boys and 30. 7% of the girls were depressed and that depression and academic performance were significantly correlated, r = -0. 24, p? 0. 000. Also, based on results of the present study, age and academic performance were significantly correlated (r = 0. 25, p? 0. 000). In addition there was significant difference of academic performance between male and female, (t (1) = -5. 51, p = 0. 000). Nancy, Bonnie Erin(2004) was conduct a study on Gender differences and risk factors for depression in adolescence The current study used longitudinal data (N? 1322; 648 males, 674 females) from adolescents ages 12 to 19 years (in 1994) to investigate gender differences in and risk factors for depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes (MDEs). The sample had participated in three waves of Canada’s National Population Health Survey (1994, 1996, and 1998). Results showed that although there was not a statistically significant increase in depressive symptoms in early adolescence, there was a robust gender difference in the levels of depressive symptoms and the prevalence of MDE, with girls more affected than boys. Mirowsky J Ross CE. (1992) Was conduct a study on Age and depression and the aim of this study was to find out the the relationship between age and depression is analyzed, looking for effects of maturity, decline, life-cycle stage, survival, and historical trend. The data are from a 1990 sample of 2,031 U.S. adults and a 1985 sample of 809 Illinois adults. The results show that depression reaches its lowest level in the middle aged, at about age 45. The fall of depression in early adulthood and rise in late life mostly reflects life-cycle gains and losses in marriage, employment, and economic well-being. Depression reaches its highest level in adults 80 years old or older, because physical dysfunction and low personal control add to personal and status losses. Malaise from poor health does not create a spurious rise of measured depression in late adulthood. However, some of the differences among age groups in depression reflect higher education in younger generations, and some reflect different rates of survival across demographic groups that also vary in their levels of depression. Mary Kay ONeil William J. Lancee (1985) conducted a study on Sex differences in depressed university students and in this study author select Depressed males and females from a consecutive sample of students attending a university psychiatric service (N=183) and a sample from the general student population (n=55) were compared to determine why more females (ratio 2? 1) seek help for depression. It was found that this sex difference was due neither to differential prevalence of depression nor to differences in symptom expression or social behavior, but rather to contrasting attitudes toward emotional problems and psychiatric help. Women recognize physical concomitants of depression as indicative of emotional problems and more readily accept the need for psychiatric help. Men appear not to connect physical symptoms with emotional difficulties. In this chapter, the researcher’s major purpose was to present background information on the dependent variable,Depression and to present background information on the three independent variables. The three independent variables are: age, gender and Academic performance. In varying degrees, all of the independent variables, were reported in the literature as having positive correlations with depression. Rationale of the study The purpose of this study was to find out age and gender difference in depression and academic performance with relation to  depression among students of University of Gujrat. By exploring these variables, it is hoped to add to the body of comprehension about the relationship between age, gender differences and academic performance with depression. The present study can be important addition in literature, concerning gender differences in depression. Conducting study on age, gender differences and academic performance related depression in Pakistani society can contribute in the field of basic research. Present study can be helpful in further researches . This study is also helpful for the reader to understand the relationship between age, gender differences and academic performance with relation to depression among university students. It can also support other researches and generate useful knowledge for students belonging to the discipline of psychology. There are very little research attempts to explore the relationship between age, gender differences and academic performance with relation to depression of students in Gujrat. So this study is unique because it examines the age, gender differences and academic performance relted to depression among students of University of Gujrat. Chapter II Method Method In the present study it is a multi-independent sample design . it is a independent sample design. 100 students from university of Gujrat were selected as a sample of B. S( 2nd and 8th ) semester . A standardized instrtrument was used for data collection. That is the Depression Anxiety Stress scale. Sample The present study consisted on the population from university of Gujrat. B. B. A and Sociology department were included for collection of data. Convenient sampling was used to select 100 student from university of Gujrat among them 50 were male and 50 were female. There age range from 18 to 26. There qualification was B. S(hons). Depression Anxiety Stress Scale The DASS is a set of three self-report scales designed to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. The DASS was constructed not merely as another set of scales to measure conventionally defined emotional states, but to further the process of defining, understanding, and measuring the ubiquitous and clinically significant emotional states usually described as depression, anxiety and stress. The DASS should thus meet the requirements of both researchers and scientist-professional clinicians. DASS scales contains 14 items, divided into subscales of 2-5 items with similar content. The Depression scale assesses dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life, self-deprecation, lack of interest/involvement, anhedonia, and inertia. (Lovibond, S. H. Lovibond, P. F. 1993 ). Demographic sheet Some demographic variables were included in the present research those were: Age, Gender, Department, CGPA, Semester, Father’s education and Mother’s education. Procedure First step in the present study was to select the population of students from University of Gujrat and select sample from that population.  second, researcher build rapport with students and ask them to fill the questionnaire carefully and respond to each item honestly. Some instructions were given to the respondents before questionnaire handed them over. The instructions were; the whole information will be confidential and only used for the research purpose, it was requested to show serious and careful attitude toward responding in questionnaire, and provide only required information. Researchers face some difficult in collecting data because students were showing non-serious attitude toward giving responses on questionnaire. After completed the data collection researcher thanked to all the respondents who show their cooperation to fill the questionnaire. Chapter III Results Results The aim of the present study was to explore the Age, Gender differences and Academic performance with relation to Depression among students of University of Gujrat. A standardized scale was used to measure the Depression among males and females students of University of Gujrat. Linear Regression was used for measuring Age, Gender differences and Academic performance with relation to Depression among University students.

Paragraph Length in Compositions and Reports

Paragraph Length in Compositions and Reports In composition, technical writing, and online writing, the term paragraph length refers to the number of sentences in a paragraph and the number of words in those sentences. There is no set or correct length for a paragraph. As discussed below, conventions about appropriate length vary from one form of writing to another and depend on various factors, including medium, topic, audience, and purpose. Simply put, a paragraph  should be as long or as short as it needs to be to develop a main idea.  As  Barry J. Rosenberg  says, Some paragraphs should weigh a skimpy two or three sentences, while others should weigh a robust seven or eight sentences. Both weights are equally healthy (Spring Into Technical Writing for Engineers and Scientists, 2005).   See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: The Invisible Mark of Punctuation: The Paragraph BreakCoherence and CohesionDevelopmentParagraph Break  and  ParagraphingSentence LengthUnity Examples and Observations Paragraph lengths, like sentence lengths, give an essay a kind of rhythm that readers can feel but that is hard to talk about . . .. A very short paragraph can be just the right kind of pause following a long and complex one. Or a series of paragraphs of about the same length can give the reader a very satisfying feeling of balance and proportion.(Diana Hacker and Betty Renshaw, Writing With a Voice, 2nd ed. Scott, Foresman, 1989)Paragraph Length in EssaysThere is no set rule about paragraph length. They can be long or short ..., though do note that both the shortest and the longest are rare and you should take care in their use. What works best is usually a mixture of longer and shorter paragraphs within the middle range. Aim to vary length rather than look for a set formula. . . . [A] paragraph [that] contains . . . 150 words . . . is probably about average for what would most often be used in an essay.(Jacqueline Connelly and Patrick Forsyth, Essay Writing Skills: Essential Techni ques to Gain Top Marks. Kogan Page Ltd., 2011) Dividing a Long Paragraph[S]ometimes you may discover that a particular point in your essay is so complex that your paragraph is growing far too long- well over a typed page, for instance. If this problem occurs, look for a logical place to divide your information and start a new paragraph. For example, you might see a convenient dividing point in a series of actions youre describing or a break in the chronology of a narrative or between explanations of arguments or examples. Just make sure you begin your next paragraph with some sort of transitional phrase or key words to let the reader know that you are still discussing the same point as before (Still another problem caused by the computers faulty memory circuit is . . .).(Jean Wyrick, Steps to Writing Well With Additional Readings, 8th ed. Wadsworth, 2011)Paragraph Length in Academic WritingParagraphs give readers a sense of where one unit ends and another begins, a sense of how the argument develops by moving from one topic to an other. . . . Paragraphs let the reader digest one idea at a time without becoming overwhelmed.In modern academic writing, paragraphs are usually less than a page in length. But its rare to find many short paragraphs (of, say, less than four lines) in a row. A typical paragraph is roughly ten to twenty lines in length. But there will be variety. Short paragraphs are sometimes needed for other purposes besides laying out a component of the argument. For example, a transitional paragraph might be needed at a certain point in order to sum up all thats been established so far and to hint at where the argument will go from here.And sometimes short paragraphs can simply underscore a point.(Matthew Parfitt, Writing in Response. Bedford/St. Martins 2012) Paragraph Length in Business and Technical WritingQuantifying paragraph length is difficult, but in business and technical writing, paragraphs exceeding 100 to 125 words should be rare. Most paragraphs will consist of three to six sentences. If a single-spaced paragraph goes beyond one-third of a page, it is probably too long. A double-spaced paragraph should not exceed half a page in length.The documents format should influence paragraph length. If a document has narrow columns (two to three to the page), then paragraphs should be shorter, perhaps on the average of no more than 50 words. If a document uses a full-page format (one column), then average paragraph length can reach 125 words.Length is therefore a function of appearance and visual relief.(Stephen R. Covey, Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, 5th ed. FT Press and Pearson Education, 2012)Paragraph Length in Online WritingIf the statistics are to be believed, by the end of this sentence, I’ll have l ost most of you. Because according to some estimates, the average time spent on a webpage is 15 seconds. . .And so webmasters worldwide have launched an emergency austerity programme, pruning, paring, compacting everything possible in a frantic attempt to spare our readers a few precious seconds. . . .The most obvious casualty of this economy drive is the venerable paragraph. . . .The internet . . . has exerted further downward pressure on paragraph length. Reading on a laptop screen or phone is slower and more fatiguing, and it’s harder to keep your place; inserting regular, clear breaks (complete lines rather than indentations) is one way to create a smoother reading experience.None of this is in dispute. But consider  this recent piece on the BBC website. With two exceptions, all the paragraphs in this story consist of precisely one sentence. . . .[O]ne reason, and one reason alone, is sufficient to justify the Save the Paragraph Campaign. Time was, when you came across a paragraph of one sentence, you knew it contained powerful stuff (in the writer’s view, at least). A short paragraph, coming after many long ones, could deliver a real punch.(Andy Bodle, Breaking Point: Is the Writing on the Wall for the Paragraph?. The Guardian, May 22, 2015) One-Sentence ParagraphsOccasionally, a one-sentence paragraph is acceptable if it is used as a transition between longer paragraphs or as a one-sentence introduction or conclusion in correspondence.(Gerald J. Alred, Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu, The Business Writers Handbook, 10th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2012)Paragraph Length and ToneHow long is a paragraph?As short as that.Shorter.Or as long as it needs to be to cover a subject. . . .But there is a complication. Writing that aims to be inviting, like the writing in newspapers, popular magazines and books, uses shorter paragraphs than more ambitious and profound writing. New paragraphs are begun before a topic is exhausted.Anytime.For no reason at all.Because each new paragraph lightens the tone, encourages readers, offers a foothold down the page.When paragraphs are short, writing does seem easier. Less happily, it also seems disjointed and superficial- as though the writer cant concentrate on a subject.Thus paragraphing, like so much else, is a matter of tone. You want to have a proper paragraph length for your subject, your audience, and your degree of seriousness (or frivolity).(Bill Stott, Write to the Point. Anchor Press, 1984)

How to Combat Corruption as a Public Administrator Research Paper

How to Combat Corruption as a Public Administrator - Research Paper Example Public administrators can avoid corruption by maintaining ethical behavior as well as providing avenues such as hotlines to the members of the public and staff. In conclusion, the paper indicates that the society in countries such as Haiti and Uganda have negatively been affected by corruption that existed in the past. The US stiff regulations and empowered FBI has made the government to effectively deal with corruption. Corruption entails fraudulent conduct by the individuals who are not only in power but also by the subjects. Basically, it involves providing asking for a bribe and providing it in order for an individual to get a favor. Being a vice that has negative impact on economic, political and social development of a country, corruption is used by the government officials for illegitimate private benefits such as acquiring properties and government funds. Other forms of corruption include embezzlement, extortion, abuse of power, nepotism, favoritism and fraud. One of the major importances of combating corruption in the public service is that it ensures that the negativities that it brings about are abolished. Regardless of the economic position of a country, corruption is known to undermine sustainable development, threaten proper governance, negative impact on the democratic process, and impending economic growth. Within the public sector, corruption has implications that include underminin g people’s confidence, impeding the effectiveness of public service, increasing the cost of public transactions, and reducing tax revenues. Thus, as a public administrator one should be in a position to put adequate measures to address corruption that has emerged as one of the challenges facing the public service globally. From a public administration perspective, corruption has affected management culture in society and ethics in work

Understanding the Nature of Groups and Teams Essay

Understanding the Nature of Groups and Teams - Essay Example In most cases, individuals form groups, which later become a team. According to psychoanalytical object-relations theory (Sher, 2004), individuals, groups, and teams are not independent entities but rather are constructs that bond organizational expectations to human feelings and beliefs. Groups and teams rely on a matrix style of management (Gilley & Kerno Jr., 2010), are influenced by the existing organizational authority, and participants show commitment because of the expectations demanded by their organizations. The distinction between groups and teams is that while groups demand a lot of control, planning, and direction in its leadership, are guided by a series of well established goals and objectives, reward members depending on performance (Seat & Sundstrom, 2004), and used when executing specific functional tasks in an organization, teams demand collaborative relationships among members, are guided by a mission in fulfilling their mandate (Offermann, 2006), and can exist in or outside an organization. Therefore, teams are groups with a higher purpose in achieving goals because of creativity, mutual sharing of benefits, attributes, small member size mostly between 5-12 people, and a shared purpose. A group or team is always formed in handling different problems in an organization. Therefore, the management must be keen when determining which one to use for effective task execution and complimentary results. It is best to use groups in instances where tasks are easy, especially when results are expected within a specific timeframe in order to measure the expertise of each member on service delivery, and only if there is a well defined a guiding purpose. However, whenever the management deems there is complexity in task execution, which demands collaborative interactions, availability of enough and reliable resources, teams are given a priority (Gilley & Kerno Jr., 2010). In most occasions, organizations rely on teams

My Vision for holistic nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Vision for holistic nutrition - Essay Example While holistic nutrition does not make any claims that a certain food, or a vitamin or mineral contained therein, will cure any degenerative disease, for instance cancer, adequately giving the body what it needs will help the body to heal itself. In holistic nutrition every person is viewed as an individual with different nutritional needs. The Holistic community believes that many variables play a role in establishing what may be a normal nutritional requirement, resulting in a â€Å"tailored† nutritional chart for individuals based on their needs. In contrast, Allopathic medicine looks at the population as a whole; it determines the norm based on an average requirement and applies that calculation to the individual, regardless of biochemical, environmental and physical differences. Holistic nutrition, as mentioned earlier, looks at the person as a whole, keeping the differences in body systems (neurological, structural, immune, reproductive, etc.) in view, and helps deal with the various challenges facing the body for optimal nutritional functionality. For example, instead of approaching depression, skeletal pain, and fatigue as three separate issues, thus calling for three separate prescriptions, a holistic nutriti onist will look at these three different weaknesses on the whole: what do they have in common and what systemic condition could be causing it. Such an approach treats the systems of the body as being interconnected and seeks to improve the health of the person on the whole. Holistic nutrition teaches that food is the best medicine. Dietary intake and supplements are important considerations when seeking to prevent illnesses or to strengthen a body already in crisis. Prescriptions medication may quiet or silence the symptoms of illness, but may not be able to identify and correct the root cause of the illness, which, in turn, will continue to weaken the body. A holistic

Exit Voice Loyalty Neglect Model

Exit Voice Loyalty Neglect Model The Exit-Voice-Loyalty-Neglect (EVLN) analyses the consequences of job dissatisfaction, and postulates that employees will respond to job dissatisfaction in one of four ways: by exiting, by speaking out about it, through loyalty, or through job neglect (Withey Cooper 1989, 521). The model is premised upon the principle that job dissatisfaction affects individual behaviour, and has effects on the employee both intrinsically and extrinsically (Leck Saunders 2005, 219). It suggests that the consequences of job dissatisfaction can be predicted, and can be harmful to both the individual and the organisation (Naus 2007, 684). This essay will analyse the EVLN model and will reflect on its application in light of a personal work experience. It will then provide practical recommendations as to how managers can avoid the negative consequences of job dissatisfaction and in particular, the negative behaviours contemplated by the EVLN model. The EVLN model, first devised by Hirschman in 1970 and expanded upon by Rusbult, Zembrodt and Gunn in 1982 and Farrell in 1983, suggests that depending on the person and the situation, employees will respond to job dissatisfaction in any one (or a combination) of four ways, which as the name suggests, includes exit, voice, loyalty or neglect (Withey Gellarly 1998, 111). In this model, exit refers to resigning from the organisation, transferring to another work unit or office, or at the very least, attempting to make the exit (McShane 2006, 117). Voice refers to an attempt to change, rather than escape from, the situation. Voice may be constructive, particularly where employees voice their dissatisfaction and recommend ways their satisfaction levels can be improved (Luchak 2003, 116). Conversely, it can be destructive where employees begin venting to fellow employees, thereby spreading negative energy within the workplace (Turnley Feldman 1999, 897). Loyalty refers to employees who respond to job dissatisfaction by complacency, most typically by patiently waiting for the problem to resolve itself. These types of employees tend to suffer silently in anticipation of their work situation improving (McShane 2006, 118). Neglect, which broadly refers to neglecting ones work responsibilities, is perhaps the most destructive of responses to job dissatisfaction, as it involves decreasing productivity, decreased attention to quality, and increasing absenteeism and lateness (Hagedoorn 1999, 310). The responses can be independent or sequential, meaning that an employee may transition through a series of responses (Farrell Rusbult 1992, 203). For example, a dissatisfied employee may go through a period of neglect, before deciding to quit their job (Humphrey 2000, 714). Once they announce their resignation, they may speak out to their fellow employees and leave with a noisy exit (Withey Cooper 1989, 522). Loyalty and voice can be constructive where they are used to try to maintain satisfactory relationships, though they can be destructive in certain circumstances (Si, Wei Li 2008, 935). Neglect and exit are generally destructive as they occur once employees have decided that the relationship with the organisation is not worth maintaining (Si, Wei Li 2008, 936). Which response a given employee will take will generally depend upon the individual and their circumstances (McShane 2006, 117). A generally determinative factor is the availability of alternative employment. For example, where an employee has a great deal of financial freedom, they may choose to leave an aversive situation (Lee Mitchell 1994, 62). This is far less likely when they are facing financial pressures and have low employment prospects (Hagedoorn 1999, 312). Instead, they may temporarily use the neglect option until a job opportunity comes by (McShane 2006, 119). Employees who have worked at an organisation for a lengthy period of time, and who can identify with that organisation, will generally use the voice option and speak out about their dissatisfaction (McShane 2006, 118; Withey Coopers 1989, 522). This is also the case where employees cannot easily resign or transfer, or decrease their productivity without the fear of retribution (Rusbult et al. 1988, 619). Finally, where an employee feels as though they have overinvested in an organisation, they may engage in lazy or neglectful behaviours and decrease their organisational citizenship behaviour (Farrell 1983, 601). Personal Reflection In a previous workplace, I experienced serious job dissatisfaction which was followed by a series of behavioural changes. The organisation I was working for had lost a number of major clients, and had faced serious staff turnover issues, and as a result was experiencing significant financial distress. My manager had become extremely stressed and was struggling to remain calm. He would take his stress out on me on a constant basis, and his behaviour became increasingly destructive. He had a very short temper and would often shout and yell abusive words. His performance expectations of me increased unrealistically, and he began to criticise the smallest of deviations from the norm. He would confront me (and others) publically, in a way that was both demeaning and humiliating. This was followed by a pay cut of over twenty-five percent, which I felt was inequitable and unjustified. I became extremely dissatisfied and de-motivated, and whilst I would usually opt to speak out about my conc erns, I had no option to do so as my manager was self-righteous and was not interested in receiving constructive criticism or complaints. Somewhat subconsciously, I became extremely unmotivated and the energy that I put into performing my work had significantly decreased. I expressed neglectful behaviour, as my output levels had decreased, as had the general quality of my work (Farrell Rusbult 1992, 207). Furthermore, I began to speak about my problems to fellow employees, but would not confront my manager about the issues. Consistent with studies on counterproductive voice behaviour, this was a form of me using my voice in a highly destructive way (Withey Coopers 1989, 530). In line with studies on negative loyalty behaviours and the exiting response, I did not leave my job immediately as I could not find another job immediately (and I wanted have a given number of months experience on my resume), however I resigned as soon as another job became available (Rusbult et al 1998, 600 ). In hindsight, my dissatisfied work experience had a negative effect on me individually, my co-workers and on the organisation as a whole. Recommendations It is clear that employee responses to job dissatisfaction have direct implications on organisational productivity and effectiveness (Leck Saunders 2005, 219). Constructive responses such as trying to improve working conditions, improving job satisfaction and improving management approaches value-add to an organisation as they aid in decreasing job dissatisfaction on the organisational level (McShane 2006, 120; Naus 2007, 689). In contrast, destructive approaches such as resigning, absenteeism, decreased productivity, decreased quality control or psychological withdrawal can adversely affect the individual, their fellow workers, the quality of output material, and the organisation as a whole (Naus 2007, 690; Farrell Rusbult 1992, 215). Understanding employee behaviour is an all-important task for managers as it can allow them to curb those behaviours that are disruptive to the individual and the organisation, and promote constructive behaviours (Leck Saunders 2005, 221). To decrease the negative effects of job dissatisfaction, managers should be mindful of behaviours contemplated by the EVLN model and should identify them as indicators of job dissatisfaction (Humphrey 2000, 720). As the EVLN model is a typology of consequential behaviour, managers should remedy the behaviour by looking to the actual cause (McShane 2006, 121). Thus, managers should use the behaviour as an indicator of job dissatisfaction, and should immediately act upon it once identified (Si, Wei Li 2008, 940). There are a number of ways in which managers can attempt to re-instil job satisfaction in a dissatisfied employee. Research suggests that employees will be less likely to engage in destructive behaviours such as neglect, exit or negative voice when there is a possibility of improvement, a feeling of autonomy or control over the situation, foreseeable happiness, and a sense of belonging to the workplace (Withey Cooper 1989, 523; Rusbult et al. 1988, 625). Managers should focu s on these characteristics so that they promote constructive behaviour and decrease the stressors causing employees to engage in destructive behaviours. Secondly, and vitally importantly, managers should ensure that there is open communication between employees and management, so that more constructive behaviours such as using ones voice are actually an option (Naus 2007, 700). Had my former manager been more approachable and open to my feedback, I could have resolved my problems by expressing my concerns and having them dealt with. Instead, I was afraid to confront my manager, and resorted to being underproductive and speaking out to my fellow employees, therefore spreading negative energy in the workplace. This may have led to job dissatisfaction and similar consequences for other employees (McShane 2006, 123). Based on my own research and experience, I would recommend that managers be more approachable so that dissatisfied employees can opt for constructive behaviours before resorting to destructive behaviours. Conclusion The EVLN model is an important framework used to describe employee responses to job dissatisfaction. It contemplates that employees will respond to job dissatisfaction in varying ways according to their personality and their situations, and in general will respond through fight, flight, complacency or de-motivation. The framework is useful as it allows managers to identify behaviours that indicate employee job dissatisfaction, which in turn allows them address underlying stressors and concerns. In light of research and personal work experiences, it is recommended that managers be mindful of these behaviours so that they are markers of job dissatisfaction, and keep lines of communication open so that job dissatisfaction issues can be addressed constructively. References Farrell, D. 1983. Exit, voice, loyalty and neglect as responses to job dissatisfaction: a multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal 26 (4): 596-607. http://www.jstor.org.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/stable/255909 (accessed December 2, 2009). Farrell, D. and C.E. Rusbult. 1992. Exploring the Exit, Voice, Loyalty and Neglect Typology: The Influence of Job Satisfaction, Quality of Alternatives and Investment Size. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 5 (1): 201-218. http://www.springerlink.com.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/content/gp4647hl1644p8k2/ (accessed December 1, 2009). Hagedoorn, M. 1999. Employees reactions to problematic events: a circumplex structure of five categories of responses, and the role of job satisfaction. Journal of Organisational Behaviour 20 (3): 309-321. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120698377/issue?CRETRY=1SRETRY=0 (accessed December 1, 2009). Humphrey, R.H. 2000. Buyer-supplier alliances in the automobile industry: how exit-voice strategies influence interpersonal relationships. Journal of Organisational Behaviour 21(6): 713-730. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/72513917/issue (accessed December 4, 2009). Leck, J.D and D.M. Saunders. 2005. Hirschmans loyalty: attitude or behaviour? Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 5 (3): 219-230. http://www.springerlink.com/content/k18t27678h637534/ (accessed December 3, 2009). Lee, P.W. T.W. Mitchell. 1994. An alternative approach: the unfolding model of voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Review 19 (1): 51-89. http://web.ebscohost.com.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/ehost/detail?vid=1hid=6sid=c0a52e8f-6eec-40a4-bdf3-7e0fc6ddf452%40sessionmgr13bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=psyhAN=1993-97785-002 (accessed December 2, 2009). Luchak, A.A. 2003. What kind of voice do loyal employees use? British Journal of Industrial Relations 41 (1): 115-134. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118865370/issue (accessed December 3, 2009). McShane, S.L. 2006. Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim, 2nd ed, Sydney: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Naus, F. 2007. Organisational cynicism: Extending the exit, voice, loyalty and neglect model of employees responses to adverse conditions in the workplace. Human Relations, 60 (5): 683-718. http://apps.isiknowledge.com.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/InboundService.do?product=WOSaction=retrieveSrcApp=360UT=000247621700001SID=R2h3pp%40G%40nI%403ChJJ7jSrcAuth=SerialsSolutionsmode=FullRecordcustomersID=SerialsSolutionsDestFail=http%3A%2F%2Faccess.isiproducts.com%2Fcustom_images%2Fwok_failed_auth.html (accessed December 2, 2009). Rusbult, C.E., D. Farrell, G. Rogers and A.G. Mainous. 1988. Impact of exchange variables on exit, voice, loyalty and neglect: an integrative model of responses to declining job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal 31 (1): 599-627. http://web.ebscohost.com.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/ehost/detail?vid=1hid=6sid=c0a52e8f-6eec-40a4-bdf3-7e0fc6ddf452%40sessionmgr13bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=psyhAN=1993-97785-002 (accessed December 1, 2009). Si, S.X., F. Wei and Y. Li. 2008. The effect of organizational psychological contract violation on managers exit, voice, loyalty and neglect in the Chinese context. International Journal of Human Resource Management 19 (5): 932-944. http://web.ebscohost.com.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/ehost/detail?vid=1hid=111sid=842211a4-71fd-4fd2-bb8c-f78afcf2d447%40sessionmgr112bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=psyhAN=2008-06433-007 (accessed December 1, 2009). Turnley, W.H. and D.C. Feldman. 1999. The Impact of Psychological Contract Violation on Exit, Voice, Loyalty and Neglect. Human Relations 52 (1): 895-922. http://www.springerlink.com.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/content/nv179t5777237571/ (accessed December 4, 2009). Withey, M.J. and W.H. Coopers. 1989. Predicting Exit, Voice, Loyalty and Neglect. Administrative Science Quarterly 34 (1): 521-539. http://www.jstor.org.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/stable/2393565?cookieSet=1 (accessed November 30, 2009). Withey, M.J. and I.R. Gellarly. 1998. Situational and Dispositional Determinations of Exit, Voice, Loyalty and Neglect. Proceedings of the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada 13 (4): 110-119. http://www.jstor.org.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/stable/256461 (accessed December 3, 2009).

Explain the value that professional nursing organizations have in networking and in the legislative process. Provide a rationale for your response Essay

Professional nursing organizations range from general, such as the ANA, which represents the nursing profession and the interests of its members, to specific, which are those that represent a certain specialty, such as the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. Professional nursing organizations can help nurses stay current in the field of study or specialty, network with other nurses, as well as many other professional and personal benefits. According to Guerrieri (2010), â€Å"Belonging to a professional nursing organization brings increased professionalism, autonomy, and self-regulation while offering additional benefits such as social interactions and peer support† (p.47). Networking is certainly one of the benefits offered by nursing organizations to its members, which may include conventions, online discussions, and forums. These social networks provide opportunities for â€Å"rapid knowledge exchange and dissemination among many people† (ANA, 2011, p.3). By connecting with other nurses, members may get a chance to hear how others are handling the same issues. Organizations can also contribute to professional growth through networking at local and national meetings. Moreover, members can serve as officers or committee chairs, which will aid in the development of leadership skills (Guerrieri, 2010). Clearly, networking opportunities offered by many professional nursing organizations are invaluable and can help in many areas such as education, career development, and even give a sense of belonging and encouragement through interactions with other nurses (Guerrieri, 2010). In addition to having a networking value, professional nursing organizations represent a public image of the nursing profession and its specialties. As such, the organization gains public’s trust in the profession and â€Å"the organization builds on this trust as it promotes awareness of public policy and advocates for patient welfare† (Guerrieri, 2010, p. 47). This also gives members opportunities to become more informed about health care policies and contribute to patient advocacy. By advocating for the nursing profession, professional organizations, along with their members, â€Å"educate the public, policy makers, healthcare administrators, and professionals on specific issues (Matthews, 2012, â€Å"Unity in advocacy†). Moreover, organizations lobby on behalf of all nurses at all levels of government on issues that directly affect its members, such as education and practice. Nursing organizations also use networking to get more people who support their views, thereby increasing the chances of success in the legislative process. Organizations also play an integral part in shaping health policy. By being members of professional nursing associations, nurses at every level have opportunities to get involved in the processes that shape nursing practice. As stated in the article written by Matthews (2012), professional organizations were â€Å"created by nurses for nurses to articulate nursing values, integrity, practice, and social policy† (Matthews, 2012, â€Å"The profession’s advocacy efforts†). References American Nurses Association. (2011). ANA’s principles for social networking and the nurse: Guidance for registered nurses . Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org Guerrieri, R. (2010, May). Professional growth: Learn, grow, and bloom by joining a professional association. Nursing2010, 40(5), 47-48. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/nursing/Fulltext/2010/05000/Learn,_grow,_and_bloom_by_joining_a_professional.14.aspx Matthews, J. H. (2012, January). Role of professional organizations in advocating for the nursing profession. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 17(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol17No01Man03

An Inconvenient Truth Summary 3

An Inconvenient Truth In An Inconvenient Truth, Albert Gore presents us with a thought-provoking oration by employing three persuasive appeals. He utilizes the elements of ethos, logos, and pathos in order to better achieve the goal of notifying the severity of global warming as well as awakening people’s environmental consciousness. An appeal to ethos deals with credibility and what makes the author qualified to speak on a particular subject, Al Gore does this in both selections. The entire film is presented in the context of a lecture hall in a university, which gives the audience a sense of seriousness.Additionally, Gore suggests his persistency and commitment by pointing out his political career as the Vice President, worldwide travel experience and abundant research on environment which as well can substantiate his qualification to be a spokesman on the mainstream issue of global warming. Moreover, Gore calls on expert testimony for a number of times, including that of hi s Harvard professor, who first promoted measuring carbon dioxide in the earth atmosphere which effectively establishes Gore’s credibility.Albert Gore appeals to logos by piling up deliberate evidence to further convince people about the crisis of global warming. Dynamic graphs and charts, one of which indicates the rapid change in temperature associating with the escalation of carbon dioxide, are displayed with movement owning to the multi-media. Also, by using time-lapse photography, striking changes in places, such as Argentina and Grinnel Glacier, are shown in photographs to prove the scientific theory that the earth has been severely affected by global warming.Gore, in addition, mentions other effects of the global warming in an alarming tone, which comprise species lost, natural disasters, and new-found diseases; displayed footages of news about hurricanes, primarily Katrina, pictures of extinct creatures, and discoveries of viruses leading to illness, such as Avian flu, West Nile flu etc. By these methods, Gore effectively makes the audience aware of the significance of preventing global warming from being aggravated. Yet, in this seemingly pure-scientific presentation, Gore targets the audience’s emotions several times in appeal of pathos.By recalling his son’s car accident which nearly took him away from Gore, he not only provokes the listeners’ sentiment of sympathy, but also emphasizes the point that we often fail to value what is precious until we are in danger of losing it. Gore makes a profusion of projections which startle the audience with the effect of alerting them to the crisis. For instance, he employs a concerned tone by predicting the devastating future of mankind when hundreds of millions of people are killed due to global warming. On the other hand, Gore’s sense of humor alleviates the solemn atmosphere.His occasionally self-deprecating jokes (â€Å"I am Al Gore. I used to be the next President of the United States. †) and sarcastic comments ease the listeners’ mood and exert a pull on their attention. What is more, the use of comical cartoons not only gives the audience a laugh but also provides them with a more comprehensible view of global warming. By analyzing Al Gore’s well-organized steps to proving his main idea, we can ascertain that Al Gore has adroitly utilized the three above-discussed appeals, ethos, logos, and pathos when imparting his viewpoints on global warming to people.

The healthcare Law

The healthcare Law The healthcare law that was enacted this spring by the U.S. President Barrack Obama aimed at providing U.S citizens with medical cover. The law established universal medical services to all U.S. citizens and to be paid for by the federal government. The enactment of the law ends the need for private medical insurance in the country that will now provide supplementary medical coverage. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The healthcare Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The government would fund the national healthcare through taxation and other funds that would replace the health insurance premiums that were initially paid by the citizens. This paper examines the application of economic concepts such as law of demand supply, equilibrium and managerial decisions on this healthcare law. Managerial decision-making Every organization aims at maximizing the profit made by the organization. In order to maximize profits, the organization needs to minimize costs. According to Png and Lehman, the management of an organization has a duty to formulate policies and make decisions that would lead to the achievement of the set goals (36). Given that the business environment is dynamic, firm mangers usually rely on strategic decision making that involves making of decisions based on the strategies that would maximize the use of firm resources. Some of the strategic decisions made by an organization include decisions on cost minimization and effective utilization of firm resources. In order to minimize costs, the management ensures that the operational processes are efficient, cheap quality inputs are utilized efficiently while creating valuable products that satisfy consumer needs. Basing on the managerial decision-making, the federal government is similar to the management of organizations. It needs to ensure that all healthcare needs of U.S citizens are satisfied. Therefore, it sought to satisfy the health care needs by establishing the national healthcare act that would be funded through taxation. This decision to enact the act is optimal because the federal government would establish a healthy nation that would contribute to economic growth positively through increased production. Demand, supply and market equilibrium According to Png and Lehman, both buyers and sellers meet in a market in which there is the exchange of goods and services (121). Economic resources are usually in short supply while the needs that are to be fulfilled using the resources are usually indefinite. In addition, different people and regions are bestowed with different resources that satisfy different human needs. Advertising Looking for essay on health law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to different endowment of resources to countries and regions, some countries have a comparative advantage in the production of a given good or service over others. In addition, the differences in resources endowment have made countries and individuals within the country to be dependent on external economies hence; they would always demand the supply of given goods and services for the fulfillment of their needs. The law of demand posits that the demands for goods and services shrink as the prices of the goods/services increases while other things are held steady. Demand is provided in terms of quantity of the goods. The quantities of goods that are demanded by clients differ from one individual to another basing on various factors that affect demand. Fluctuations in the quantity of a given good/service that is required by consumers fluctuates over time based various factors such as the level of proceeds for consumers, the price of the good and availability of substitutes among other factors. The supply of goods and services occurs in the market too. Suppliers provide goods based on the quantity of the goods that consumers require in order to meet their needs. The quantity of goods/services supplied is a function of many factors including the price of the good/service, level of income for consumers, productivity and the amount of goods/services that consumers need in order to meet their needs. The law of supply postulates that the supply of a given good/service declines as the price of the good/service decreases and vice versa with other factors being held steady (Png and Lehman 357). Equilibrium in the market is obtained at the level in which the total of goods/services demanded by clients equates the level of goods/services supplied by different sellers in the same market. At equilibrium, the price at which the sellers sell their products to customers is referred to as the equilibrium price while the equilibrium quantity is the quantity supplied by sellers and bought by clients in the market. At equilibrium, there is no incentive for the suppliers to increase the goods supplied because the price and inco me remains the same in the short term. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The healthcare Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Similarly, customers have no incentive to increase the amount of goods demanded in the short term. The changes in other factors in the business environment can cause the amount of goods/services supplied and demanded in the market to change. Some of the factors include changes in demographics, income and productivity among other factors (Png and Lehman 123). The economic concepts of demand and supply could also be applied to the healthcare act. The customers in include all U.S. citizens that needs medical care. The supplier is the government. The level of demand would increase if the U.S. population increased or the levels of epidemic or accidents in the country increased. The equilibrium in the provision healthcare services to the citizens would be achieved whenever the supplied services would be equal to the demanded services. Optimization techniques According to Png and Lehman, an optimizing firm should keep producing as long as the marginal costs incurred during production are less than the marginal revenue (183). During the production period, the company should always focus on minimizing processing costs to ensure that it meets its profit maximization objective. An organization should produce until the level in which the magical costs realized in the course of production are equal to the marginal revenue. This is the optimal position of the firm. Any increase in production would result in losses. The management of an organization can alter this position if long-term production capacity is created. This can only happen in new management tools such as investment in new technologies and expansion of production space and plant. The application of optimal techniques to the healthcare law would mean that the federal government should increase the provision of healthcare s ervices as long as the marginal costs incurred in healthcare service provision is less than the marginal tax collected by the government. The optimal level of healthcare service provision would be when the marginal cost of the services is equal to the marginal tax collected. New decisions to use advanced technology and increase healthcare services provision capacity should sought once the government increases service provision at the expense of healthcare costs. Consumer behavior and rational choice Organizations are involved in the production of goods and services while consumers are mainly to make consumption decisions for the produced goods. The theory of demand postulates that consumers demand goods (services) in order to meet their unlimited wants. After the goods/services are provided, the consumers consume them for satisfaction that is measured in terms of utility. Advertising Looking for essay on health law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consumers are rational in their consumption decisions because they always choose the best basket of supplied goods that would best meet their needs given the prevailing circumstances. They therefore decide the quantity of goods to purchase and the amount of money to spend on the goods. Given the rationality of consumers, the healthcare service consumers in the U.S., the U.S citizens are rational consumers too. They would make decisions on the type of healthcare services demanded. However, the amount of money to spend on the services would not be made by the citizens, but by the federal government through taxation. Demand functions Demand functions indicate the existing relationship between the levels of the good demanded and the determinants of the levels demanded by the customer. The quantity of a given good demanded by consumers is determined by various factors such as the price of the good, the level of income, the prices of other related goods such as compliments and substitute s and tastes and preferences. Given these factors, the demand function of a given good can be expressed as indicated below. D=f(P,I,PXPYT) where D- quantity demanded, P- price of the good demanded, I- Income, PX price of related good x, PY Price related good y and T- tastes and preferences. Application of demand functions in the healthcare law The demand function could also be applied to the healthcare law and the demand of healthcare in the U.S. The U.S. citizens are the consumers of healthcare services provided by the federal government under the healthcare law. The demand of healthcare services in the U.S is determined by various factors such as exposure to risk factors, levels of income, price of healthcare among other factor. The healthcare demand function can be expressed as below. H=f(R,I,P, O) where H- healthcare quantity demanded, R-exposure to risk factors, I-levels of Income, P-charge son the healthcare and O-other factors An increase in any of the causative factors coul d alter the level of healthcare services demanded by the U.S. citizens. For instance, an increase in the number of people exposed to risky environments that could affect negatively their health could increase the demand of healthcare services. An increase in healthcare taxation could reduce the demand for healthcare services because many people would opt for private services. This is similar to an increase in income for U.S citizens. Production theory Production of goods and services entails utilization of various resource inputs such as labor, power, and raw materials among other factors. The theory of production involves the determination of the levels of input factors to be used by an organization to produce a given level of out. An organization would combine different levels of factors of inputs such as labor and capital to produce a given output. However, in the course of productivity, organizations aim at minimizing the costs incurred while ensuring that the profit realized a re maximum. A firm can experience increasing returns to scale if the marginal costs incurred reduce as the produced output increases. Constant returns to scale are experienced whenever the marginal cost realized by the organization is constant as the output produced increases. On the contrary, decreasing returns to scale would be realized if the marginal costs of an organization incurred during productivity would increase as output increases. Therefore, it is advisable that the management of the organization should produce up to that level in which the marginal cost equals the marginal revenue in order to avoid reduction in scale of returns that could lead to an exit from the market (Png and Lehman 319). The application of the theory of production to the healthcare law implies that the government provides healthcare services using capital and labor. Capital used in the productivity of the services includes the buildings, latest technological equipment in public hospital vehicles a mong other capital tools. Labor on the other hand includes all healthcare professionals employed by the state to provide quality healthcare to U.S. nationals. The cost incurred in the provision of healthcare services includes the cost of capital and labor while the revenue is obtained from healthcare taxation. Increasing returns would be realized whenever the marginal cost of providing healthcare services decreases as service provision increases. On the contrary, the federal government would realize reducing returns to scale whenever the marginal costs incurred by the state in providing healthcare services increases as provision of healthcare services increases. The optimal healthcare service output would be at the position in which the level of marginal cost of healthcare service provision equals marginal revenue from taxes (Png and Lehman 170). The federal government in the healthcare sector in the long run should pursue technological change and industrial revolution. This would enable the federal government increase and improve the provision of healthcare services to U.S. citizens. However, the federal government can pursue technological change if it realizes that it is providing healthcare services under decreasing returns to scale. This change of strategy would ensure that the government minimizes costs while maximizing healthcare tax revenue. Work Cited Png, Ivan and Lehman, Dale. Managerial Economic. New York: Willey-BlackWell. 2007.

Vanilla Sky essays

Vanilla Sky essays David suffers from schizophrenia, brought on by his cut-short childhood, loneliness, the tension formed due to his questionable relationship with Julie, and eventually, his terrible disfigurement. Using Freuds definition of schizophrenia, David has escaped to an early and secure, possibly childish, state of psychological development, due to the unbearable stress and conflict that surrounds him. The id, as proposed by Freud, is the innermost core of the personality (Psychology-Frontiers and Applications). Under normal circumstances, it has no direct contact with reality, because it seeks only immediate gratification or release, regardless of rational considerations and environmental realities. In other words, What it wants, it takes! By degrading to this early stage of development, David has reduced his minds control of the release of the id, causing his perspective of the world to become wildly warped. A drunken driver killed both of Davids parents when he was very young, removing a large part of the psychological influence, which controls the development of a child. The loss of his mother, of whom he was obviously fond, must have surely been a terrible blow. However, the loss of his father may have been far greater in affecting Davids later actions and decisions. In his fathers biography, David is mentioned only once, and in passing. The relationship suggested by this oversight is one of possible rivalry, disappointment, and unfulfilled expectations. It is possible that Mr. Aames believed David unable to successfully run his company, and David has spent the majority of his life attempting to prove wrong that idea. Davids failure to resolve his emotional problems concerning his dad is a source of great anxiety and grief for David. Despite the people whom he surrounds himself with, David is unable to identify with his friends until he me ...

Week 5 discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 5 discussion Questions - Essay Example The second weakness are of mine is economics. Economic is a very useful academic discipline that can help managers in various ways. For example managers can use economic analysis to determine the supply and demand of its products. I t can also help managers determine the optimal sales price to achieve the highest profits possible. The reason I’m weak at economic is because it economics the professor who teach these subjects seem to always incorporate graphs in their discussion. Every time I see a economic graph it becomes very hard for me to interpret to the results. Also in economics there seems to be a lot of models and concepts that are extremely difficult to understand. Since these two disciplines are important for me achieve professional goal and will put a lot of extra efforts in the future courses I may take in any of these two subject matters. The two business majors that have greatest utilize and maximum value for a corporation is managerial accounting and business research. Business research can be used in different ways to add value to a corporation. For example business research can be used to perform market research of potential expansion site in foreign territory. Researchers used either primary research or secondary research. Primary research occurs when the research perform original research, while secondary research is learning for a particular subject matter by reading and analyzing the written work in sources such as journal article, magazines, databases, and websites (Allbusines, 2009). Another research technique that can be very useful for managers is generic benchmarking. Generic benchmarking is a technique in which a company investigates business practices in other industries in order to imitate them. Managerial accounting measures and reports financial and nonfinancial information that helps managers

Vampires Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vampires - Research Proposal Example I also participated in class debates where we discussed vampires with my classmates and tutor. I have also witnessed people who claim to be vampires. These experiences have not been able to address the origin and creation of vampires in details. As such, this research will teach me about the characteristics of real and psychic vampires as well as the origin and the process of creating a vampire. To achieve this, I am counting on my instructor and classmates’ support. Indeed, I am sure that my instructor has significant information about this topic having researched and taught this topic for a long time. Moreover, through the continued discussions about this topic, my classmates may have subtle information about vampires. Nevertheless, the information from my classmates will require undergoing verification. The topic about vampires is very general and addressing it will require huge resources and a lot of time. As such there was need to limit the research to the creation of vampires. To ensure that I use limited time on my research topic, I will seek resource materials that detail the origin and creation of vampires. I will also establish the risks that may limit the accuracy and relevance of my research. I will plan my research well and establish the relevant sources of information. I will also limit my research to real and modern vampires. I will rely on research reports from my professor, instructor, and the vampires’ museum. Ultimately, I will keep close consultations with my instructor for guidance and verification of my data. Ideally, vampires from different regions may have different characteristics. As such, I will limit my topic geographically by narrowing my research to vampires found in America. Nevertheless, various circumstances limit my research on this topic. Inde ed, it may be difficult to distinguish